techniques 
 
zoetrope 

zoetrope is an early form of motion picture projector that consisted of a drum containing a set of still images, that was turned in a circular fashion in order to create the illusion of motion. Horner originally called it the Daedatelum, but Pierre Desvignes, a French inventor, renamed his version of it the zoetrope (from Greek word root zoo for animal life and trope for "things that turn."). The Zoetrope was invented by William George Horner in 1834. The Zoetrope is originally called (zoh-uh-trohp). A Zoetrope is easy is to build, it can be turned at a variable rate to create slow-motion or speeded-up effects.   





 kinetoscope

A kinetoscope is a device which allows people to view motion pictures. The kinetoscope was one of the first such devices widely developed and distributed, and while the design ultimately proved to be a failure, it clearly inspired other inventors, so it could be considered a landmark invention in the history of film. The kinetoscope was invented in Thomas Edison laboratory in the late 80's. kinetoscope began to spring up all over of the untied kingdom commonly being found in kinetoscope pallor.  

flick book

 When you flip the pages rapidly, the images seem to move, much as they would if filmed in sequences as cel animation is. Flip books are one of the most basic forms of animation, relying on the same principle of visual deception that fools the eye into thinking that a series of images, presented in swift enough sequence, will create the illusion of actual motion.
Flip books are often used as preliminary exercises in animation courses to teach the basics of animation, before moving on to more sophisticated techniques.

cel animation 

A cel animation is a traditional form of animation used in the production of cartoons or animated movies where each frame of the scene is drawn by hand. A full-length feature film produced using cel animation would often require a million or more drawings to complete. A  cel animation is also  short for celluloid, is a transparent sheet on which objects are drawn or painted for traditional, hand-drawn animation.

Rotoscoping animation 

One of the oldest animation techniques that is still in use today is rotoscoping. When using this technique, animators trace over live action film movement on each frame to use in an animated film. When it was first used, live action film images were projected onto a glass panel that was frosted where an animator would redraw them.

Drawn on film 

rawn-on-film animation is an  animation that's drawn directly on the film reel, using a number of tools, techniques, and methods. This skips the entire process of cel animation, photographing, and video sequencing - or the more modern process of digital rendering. Instead, drawn-on-film animation imposes the animated image directly on the individual frames of a reel of film.

Digital application 

Digital animation is when there are a series of graphics which are the same only placed in different areas in each frame so that it can create the illusion of movement when in reality they are still pictures.

clay motion 

clay motion is the generalized term for clay animation, a form of stop animation using clay. The term was coined by its creator, Will Vinton, owner of an animation studio that worked with clay artists to create clay animation. Claymation involves using objects or characters sculpted from clay or other moldable material, and then taking a series of still pictures that are replayed in rapid succession to create the illusion of movement. Some of the more famous characters created in this form include Gumby and Pokey, Wallace and Gromit.





Animator 

Walt Disney 

Walter Elias Disney was born in Chicago, Illinois on December 5, 1901. When he was four years old his parents, Elias and Flora, moved the family to a farm in Marceline, Missouri.   It was in Marceline that Walt first developed a love for drawing and art.  Walt wanted to make his own animation cartoons. He started his own company called Laugh-O-Gram. He hired some of his friends including Ubbe Iwerks. They created short animated cartoons. Although the cartoons were popular, the business didn't make enough money and Walt had to declare bankruptcy. 

One failure was not going stop Disney, however. In 1923, he moved to Hollywood, California and opened a new business with his brother Roy called Disney Brothers' Studio. He again hired Ubbe Iwerks and number of other animators. They developed the popular character Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. The business was a success. However, Universal Studios gained control of the Oswald trademark and took all of Disney's animators except for Iwerks. 

Once again, Walt had to start over. This time he created a new character named Mickey Mouse. He created the first animated film to have sound. It was called Steamboat Willie and starred Mickey and Minnie Mouse. Walt performed the voices for Steamboat Willie himself. The film was a great success. Disney continued to work, creating new characters such as Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto. He had further success with the releases of the cartoon Silly Symphonies and the first color animated film, Flowers and Trees. I

n 1932, Disney decided he wanted to make a full-length animated film called Snow White. People thought he was crazy for trying to make a cartoon that long. They called the film "Disney's folly." However, Disney was sure the film would be a success. It took five years to complete the film which was finally released in 1937. The film was a huge box office success becoming the top film of 1938. Disney had the idea to create a theme park with rides and entertainment based on his movies. Disneyland opened in 1955. It cost $17 million to build. The park was a huge success and is still one of the most popular vacation destinations in the world. Disney would later have the idea to build an even larger park in Florida called Walt Disney World. He worked on the plans, but died before the park opened in 1971. 





warner brothers 


Warner Brothers, one of Hollywood's most famous studios, was founded in 1923 by four actual brothers: Jack, Sam, Harry & Albert Warner. The siblings never seemed to get along with each other, but Warner Bros Studios managed to produce some of the most memorable movies in the history of Hollywood, including the world's first "talkie" with Al Jolson, "The Jazz Singer" (1927), "The Adventures Robin Hood" (1938),"Casablanca" (1942), "Yankee Doodle Dandy" (1942), "Cool Hand Luke" (1967), "Deliverance" (1972), "The Exorcist" (1973), "Chariots of Fire" (1981), "Body Heat" (1981), and the current string of "Batman" films





Norman Mclaren 

  Norman McLaren was a world renowned film maker, a genius of the moving image famous for his innovative and prolific animated experiments. Many of his short films won International Film Festival Awards, including the Academy Award (Oscar) for 1952’s NEIGHBOURS. He has influenced artists, filmmakers and musicians, from Picasso and Truffaut to Lucas and Linklater.